Agroforestry Systems – What Are Their Types?

Agroforestry Systems are the ideal solution for those seeking sustainable, productive, and regenerative agriculture, combining trees, crops, and even livestock to transform degraded soils into fertile and resilient ecosystems. Discover the different types of Agroforestry Systems, how to apply them in various contexts, and how this approach can boost your productivity while protecting the environment!

Agroforestry Systems represent an innovative and sustainable approach to agricultural production, integrating trees, shrubs, crops, and, in some cases, livestock within the same productive space. This integration allows for a more efficient use of natural resources, promotes biodiversity, and enhances the resilience of farming systems.

However, agroforestry is not a single, fixed model. Different environmental conditions, production goals, and cultural practices have led to the development of distinct types of Agroforestry Systems, each with its unique characteristics and benefits. Understanding this diversity is essential for selecting the best approach for each specific context.

What Are Agroforestry Systems?

Agroforestry Systems are cultivation models that combine trees, shrubs, agricultural crops, and often livestock within the same space, promoting beneficial ecological interactions. Unlike conventional agriculture, which relies on monocultures and intensive use of external inputs, Agroforestry Systems mimic the structure and dynamics of natural ecosystems, enabling sustainable production.This approach enhances soil fertility, reduces the need for agrochemicals, and increases biodiversity, creating productive and resilient landscapes.

Beyond environmental benefits, Agroforestry Systems also generate positive social and economic impacts. They allow small and medium-scale farmers to diversify their production, ensuring year-round income through the harvest of various products, such as fruits, timber, medicinal herbs, and vegetables.Additionally, by restoring degraded areas and increasing vegetation cover, these systems contribute to microclimate regulation, soil water retention, and carbon sequestration, helping to combat climate change.

Agroforestry Systems can be adapted to different biomes and production goals, from commercial crops like cocoa and coffee to the restoration of deforested areas.
Their management requires planning and an understanding of the interactions between cultivated species, but the long-term benefits are undeniable: more fertile soils, greater climate resilience, and productive systems that promote environmental regeneration while ensuring food security and the economic viability of farmers.

Why Are There Different Types of Agroforestry Systems?

The various Agroforestry Systems have emerged from the need to adapt cultivation to local conditions and the specific goals of farmers and communities. Factors such as climate, soil type, available plant species, traditional practices, and market demand influence the structure and design of each agroforestry system.

Additionally, the productive focus can vary according to the interests of farmers. Some systems are designed for food production, such as coffee, cocoa, fruits, and vegetables, while others prioritize timber, fiber, animal forage, or environmental restoration. This flexibility makes agroforestry a viable solution for different contexts, ranging from small family farms to large commercial enterprises.

How Can Agroforestry Systems Be Adapted to Different Contexts and Goals?

Agroforestry Systems can be adapted based on ecological and socio-economic factors, ensuring they remain productive and sustainable in the long term. Some key adaptations include:

Choosing species suited to the local climate and soil: In tropical regions, growing tropical fruits and timber can be a good choice. In subtropical or temperate regions, species such as nuts, chestnuts, and cold-adapted fruits may be more viable.
Defining the productive focus: Agroforestry systems can be designed to produce food (coffee, cocoa, fruits, vegetables), timber, biomass, livestock forage, or serve as conservation areas.
Integration with other agricultural systems: In some properties, agroforestry can complement livestock systems (silvopastoral), horticulture (agrosilviculture), or degraded land regeneration.
Using ecological succession and stratification: Some agroforestry systems, such as Syntropic Agroforestry, leverage the natural succession of plants to optimize productivity and soil regeneration.

These adaptations ensure that Agroforestry Systems remain resilient, efficient, and capable of delivering benefits to both farmers and the environment.

The Importance of Choosing the Right Agroforestry System for Each Reality

Choosing the right Agroforestry System requires considering factors such as economic goals, resource availability, technical knowledge, and the environmental characteristics of the region. Selecting the appropriate model can determine the success and long-term viability of agroforestry.

For example, a farmer looking to grow coffee in an agroforestry system might adopt an agrosilvicultural approach, combining shade-grown coffee with large trees to enhance bean quality. Meanwhile, a livestock producer could implement a silvopastoral system, providing shade for animals while also producing timber over time.

Additionally, in degraded areas, Regenerative Agroforestry might be the best choice to restore soil fertility and recover local biodiversity.

Therefore, understanding the different Agroforestry Systems and how they can be applied is essential for ensuring efficient, sustainable, and economically viable management. In the following sections, we will explore the main types of agroforestry and their practical applications in detail.

Main Types of Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry Systems can take different forms depending on environmental conditions, production goals, and the needs of farmers. From ancestral practices to modern models focused on soil regeneration and large-scale production, each type of agroforestry has unique characteristics and specific benefits.

Choosing the right Agroforestry System can directly impact the productivity, sustainability, and resilience of a property. Below, we explore the main types of agroforestry and their applications in different contexts.

Traditional Agroforestry

Agroforestry Systems are not a modern invention but rather an ancestral practice widely used by indigenous peoples and rural communities throughout history. Traditional Agroforestry is based on empirical knowledge passed down through generations, where farmers manage the land in an integrated manner, respecting natural cycles and promoting long-lasting ecological balance.

Unlike conventional agro-industrial systems, which often exploit soil intensively and degrade ecosystems, Traditional Agroforestry Systems are founded on the principle of harmonious coexistence with nature, ensuring soil fertility, biodiversity, and climate resilience.

Ancestral Practices and Sustainable Management

Indigenous peoples and traditional communities have developed highly adapted production systems that align with local environmental conditions, using techniques such as:

Agroforestry intercropping: Cultivating different plant species within the same area, simulating the diversity and stratification of a natural forest.
Use of native species: Selecting plants that are already part of the local ecosystem, ensuring lower environmental impact and greater resistance to pests and diseases.
Ecological succession: Managing crops in a way that respects natural growth phases, allowing for continuous soil renewal.
Crop rotation: Alternating planted species to maintain soil nutrient balance and reduce pest outbreaks.
Controlled burning and soil enrichment: Some indigenous cultures use selective burning of organic residues as a way to fertilize the soil.

These practices result in efficient use of natural resources, promoting biodiversity conservation and long-term sustainability.

Use of Native Species and Ecological Benefits

The use of native plant species is one of the pillars of Traditional Agroforestry. In addition to being better adapted to the climate and soil, these species play essential roles in the ecosystem, such as:

Soil protection against erosion
Improved water retention and conservation
Nitrogen fixation and increased soil fertility
Providing food and habitat for local wildlife

Examples of Traditional Agroforestry: The Case of the Amazon

One of the most emblematic examples of Traditional Agroforestry Systems is found in the Amazon, where indigenous peoples have developed highly productive and sustainable agroforestry systems.

The Terra Preta de Índio (Amazonian Dark Earth) systems were identified through archaeological studies that revealed that Amazonian indigenous peoples created extremely fertile soils by incorporating organic matter and biochar into the ground. This management technique enabled the sustainable cultivation of various agricultural species for centuries.

These systems demonstrate that traditional knowledge plays a crucial role in building sustainable agricultural models, offering valuable lessons for modern environmental and agricultural challenges.

Traditional Agroforestry in the Modern Context

Although Traditional Agroforestry is an ancient practice, it remains highly relevant in today’s world. Many of its principles are incorporated into contemporary approaches such as regenerative agriculture and permaculture, inspiring solutions for restoring degraded soils and strengthening climate resilience.

Furthermore, the revival of traditional knowledge has been essential for reforestation projects, biome restoration, and food security initiatives, especially in rural communities and conservation areas.

Agroforestry Systems based on ancestral wisdom prove that it is possible to produce food and other resources without compromising the health of the planet. By integrating indigenous and community-based practices with modern scientific knowledge, we can build a more sustainable and balanced agricultural future.

Agrosilvicultural Systems

Agrosilvicultural Systems are one of the most widespread forms of Agroforestry Systems, characterized by the combination of trees and agricultural crops within the same productive space. This model allows different plant species to interact synergistically, optimizing land use and improving the sustainability of production.

In a context where soil degradation and climate change challenge conventional agriculture, Agrosilvicultural Systems emerge as an efficient alternative to increase productivity, conserve natural resources, and diversify farmers’ income.

How Do Agrosilvicultural Systems Work?

Agrosilvicultural Systems integrate tree species with short-cycle or perennial agricultural crops. This integration is carefully planned to ensure that plants benefit each other, creating a more balanced and productive environment. Some key elements of this system include:

Vegetation Stratification – Plants are arranged according to their height and light requirements, allowing for better vertical space utilization.
Shading and Microclimate – Trees provide partial shade for crops sensitive to intense sunlight, reducing water evaporation and creating a favorable microclimate.
Soil Improvement – Certain tree species, such as legumes, help fix nitrogen, while leaf litter contributes to organic matter enrichment.
Protection Against Erosion and Harsh Weather – The presence of trees stabilizes the soil, reducing erosion and protecting crops from strong winds and heavy rains.

This model can be implemented in both small farms and commercial agricultural systems, with adaptations to local conditions and the farmer’s production goals.

Benefits of Agrosilvicultural Systems

Agroforestry Systems based on the agrosilvicultural model offer numerous advantages for farmers and the environment. Some of the key benefits include:

Income Diversification and Economic Security
Improvement of Soil Quality
Protection Against Climate Change and Water Stress
Biodiversity Conservation
Higher Quality Agricultural Products

How to Implement an Agrosilvicultural System?

The successful implementation of an Agrosilvicultural System requires careful planning regarding species selection, spacing between trees and crops, soil and water management, and crop succession strategies. Some key guidelines include:

Selecting Compatible Species – Trees and agricultural crops should have similar soil requirements and complementary production cycles.
Planning Planting Density – Proper spacing prevents excessive competition for light and nutrients.
Implementing Crop Rotation – Alternating annual and perennial crops improves soil quality and reduces pest and disease problems.
Monitoring Natural Regeneration – Native trees can be preserved or reintroduced to strengthen the agroforestry ecosystem.

Agrosilvicultural Systems as a Strategy

Agrosilvicultural Systems are a promising strategy within Agroforestry Systems, promoting sustainability, productivity, and climate resilience. By integrating agricultural crops and trees, it is possible to enhance land use efficiency, improve soil quality, and ensure greater economic stability for producers.

As the demand for sustainably grown food and products continues to rise, Agrosilviculture stands out as a practical and environmentally viable solution for the future of agriculture.

Silvopastoral Systems

Silvopastoral Systems are one of the most efficient models within Agroforestry Systems, combining trees, pastures, and livestock in the same productive environment. This approach improves pasture quality, increases livestock productivity, and reduces the environmental impact of cattle and other ruminant farming.

In the United States and Europe, where extensive livestock farming occupies large areas and faces challenges such as soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions, Silvopastoral Systems emerge as a sustainable alternative to balance production with environmental conservation.

How Do Silvopastoral Systems Work?

Silvopastoral Systems strategically structure the agricultural landscape by integrating different elements to ensure both ecological and economic benefits:

Scattered or strip-planted trees in pastures – Provide shade, lower temperatures, and increase soil moisture retention.
High-quality forage species – Grasses and legumes adapted for grazing enhance animal nutrition and support soil regeneration.
Functional biodiversity – Trees and shrubs provide shelter and food for birds, pollinating insects, and natural pest predators.
Closed nutrient cycle – The decomposition of leaves and animal manure improves soil fertility.

The integration of these components creates a more resilient, profitable, and regenerative system compared to conventional livestock farming.

Benefits of Silvopastoral Systems

Implementing Silvopastoral Systems provides significant advantages for both farmers and the environment, including:

Improved Animal Welfare
Soil Restoration and Erosion Control
Income Diversification
Reduced Environmental Impact of Livestock Farming
Climate Resilience

How to Implement a Silvopastoral System?

Successfully implementing a Silvopastoral System requires careful planning to ensure that the integration of trees, pastures, and livestock is efficient and sustainable. Some key guidelines include:

Choosing appropriate tree species – Trees should be resistant to trampling by livestock and well-adapted to the local climate.
Determining the correct spacing – The number of trees per hectare should balance shade and pasture growth.
Selecting high-quality grasses and legumes – Pastures should consist of nutrient-rich, trampling-resistant forage species.
Implementing rotational grazing and proper management – Prevents excessive soil compaction and ensures pasture regeneration.

Silvopastoral Systems as a Sustainable Alternative

Silvopastoral Systems offer a more sustainable and profitable alternative to conventional livestock farming, improving animal conditions, restoring soil health, and enhancing carbon sequestration.

In the United States and Europe, the growing demand for regenerative agricultural practices is driving the adoption of these systems, making livestock farming more resilient to climate change and environmentally responsible.

With the right incentives and proper planning, Silvopastoral Systems could become the new standard for more ecological and efficient livestock production.

Successional Agroforestry Systems

Successional Agroforestry Systems represent one of the most advanced forms of Agroforestry Systems, as they seek to replicate the natural dynamics of forests to ensure continuous productivity and soil regeneration. Instead of relying on external inputs or conventional farming practices, this system is based on ecological principles, ensuring that the soil becomes more fertile over time while biodiversity increases.

In the United States and Europe, this approach has been applied to restore degraded soils, enhance crop resilience to climate change, and improve food production sustainably.

How Do Successional Agroforestry Systems Work?

The defining feature of Successional Agroforestry Systems is planned ecological succession. Inspired by the natural regeneration of forests, this concept means that different plant species are cultivated in an organized manner over time, ensuring continuous renewal of the agricultural ecosystem.

Some key strategies of this system include:

Vegetation Stratification – Trees of different sizes, shrubs, and agricultural crops are grown together, forming layers that maximize the use of sunlight and nutrients.
Density and Diversity – By mimicking the forest, this system includes a wide variety of species, reducing vulnerability to pests and diseases.
Planned Succession – Fast-growing species prepare the soil for perennial and larger plants, ensuring productivity throughout different system phases.
Permanent Soil Cover – The soil is never left bare, as vegetation or organic matter always protects it from erosion and maintains continuous fertility.

This agricultural model not only improves soil productivity but also increases its ability to store carbon, making it an essential strategy for regenerative agriculture.

Ecological Principles That Ensure Long-Term Productivity

Successional Agroforestry Systems operate based on ecological principles that guarantee continuous production without environmental degradation.

Biological and Functional Diversity – The presence of various plant species strengthens the ecosystem, reducing the need for external inputs and increasing system resilience.
Production Across Different Strata – Different layers of vegetation ensure more efficient use of space and sunlight. In the same system, there can be ground cover crops, shrubs, and large trees.
Natural Soil Fertility Maintenance – Planned ecological succession allows the soil to be continuously enriched with organic matter, reducing the need for artificial fertilizers.
Support for Soil Microbial Life – Maintaining constant vegetation supports microbial life, which is essential for decomposing organic matter and making nutrients available to plants.
Continuous and Long-Term Production – Unlike monocultures that quickly deplete soil nutrients, successional systems ensure harvests at different times of the year, providing farmers with production and economic stability.

These principles make Successional Agroforestry Systems ideal for farmers seeking to produce food sustainably and resiliently.

How to Implement a Successional Agroforestry System?

The successful implementation of a Successional Agroforestry System requires careful planning and the right species selection to ensure succession occurs in a balanced and productive manner. Some key guidelines include:

Identifying species adapted to the local climate and soil – Choosing native and adapted species reduces the need for external inputs.
Planning succession in productive cycles – Short-cycle crops should be followed by perennials to maintain soil fertility.
Maintaining constant vegetation cover – Never leaving the soil exposed prevents erosion and improves moisture retention.
Integrating different layers of vegetation – Stratification allows different species to benefit from each other.

Successional Agroforestry Systems as a Solution

Successional Agroforestry Systems provide an innovative solution for restoring degraded soils, improving agricultural production, and making farming more resilient to climate change. In the United States and Europe, their adoption is growing as a viable alternative to monoculture, helping farmers diversify their production while regenerating the environment.

In the long run, this model could become the foundation for a new sustainable agricultural approach, ensuring productivity without compromising natural resources.

Regenerative Agroforestry

Regenerative Agroforestry is one of the most promising approaches within Agroforestry Systems, as it combines the principles of regenerative agriculture with the diversity and resilience of agroforestry systems. Its primary goal is to restore degraded soils, rehabilitate natural ecosystems, and enhance agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.

In the United States and Europe, where many agricultural areas have suffered degradation due to intensive monoculture and conventional farming practices, Regenerative Agroforestry has been adopted as a solution to improve soil health, increase water retention, and promote resilient farming systems in the face of climate change.

What Makes Regenerative Agroforestry Different?

Unlike conventional models that merely reduce agriculture’s environmental impact, Regenerative Agroforestry goes further by actively reversing soil degradation, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.

Some essential principles of this approach include:

Permanent Vegetation Cover – The soil is never left exposed, remaining protected by living plants or decomposing organic matter.
Increased Biodiversity – The introduction of diverse plant species mimics the natural complexity of ecosystems, creating a more resilient environment.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation – Leguminous and nitrogen-fixing plants enhance soil fertility without the need for chemical fertilizers.
Nutrient Cycling – Organic matter from plants and fallen leaves is recycled, improving soil structure and providing essential nutrients.
Reducing Livestock Impact – In areas degraded by intensive grazing, the introduction of trees and regenerative management helps restore soil health.

These principles make Regenerative Agroforestry a crucial approach for revitalizing depleted lands and increasing agricultural productivity sustainably.

How Can Regenerative Agroforestry Restore Soils and Ecosystems?

Soil degradation and biodiversity loss are common challenges in modern agriculture. Regenerative Agroforestry provides solutions by restoring the ecological functions of natural systems through targeted strategies:

Soil Structure Restoration – The introduction of deep-rooted trees and shrubs improves water infiltration, reduces erosion, and stabilizes the soil.
Increased Organic Matter – The constant addition of biomass on the soil surface enhances carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and moisture retention.
Microclimate and Temperature Control – Tree shading lowers extreme temperatures, protects sensitive crops, and improves animal welfare in silvopastoral systems.
Reintroduction of Native Species – The rehabilitation of degraded agricultural ecosystems involves planting native species that support natural regeneration and biodiversity conservation.
Regeneration of Degraded Pastures – This model is widely used to recover overgrazed lands, transforming unproductive areas into thriving agroforestry systems.

By adopting these strategies, Regenerative Agroforestry Systems offer benefits for both agricultural production and environmental conservation.

How to Implement a Regenerative Agroforestry System?

Regenerative Agroforestry can be applied across various contexts, from small farms to large-scale degraded pastures. Some key implementation guidelines include:

Selecting species adapted to the local climate and soil – Trees and crops should be chosen based on their ability to regenerate soil and create a productive ecosystem.
Integrating cover crops and green manure – Plants like clover, pigeon pea, and alfalfa help fix nitrogen and increase soil organic matter.
Maintaining permanent soil cover – Continuous vegetation cover prevents erosion and improves water retention.
Promoting planned ecological succession – Staggered planting of species ensures the system evolves in a stable and productive manner over time.

Agroforestry as a Path to Environmental Regeneration

Regenerative Agroforestry is a fundamental step toward building a more sustainable, productive, and resilient agricultural model. In a scenario where environmental degradation threatens food production and biodiversity, Regenerative Agroforestry Systems offer practical solutions to restore soils, recover ecosystems, and ensure long-term agricultural productivity.

In the United States and Europe, this approach is becoming a key strategy in the transition toward more sustainable agriculture, enabling farmers to regenerate their land while producing high-quality food.

With well-planned techniques and a strong commitment to soil and biodiversity restoration, Regenerative Agroforestry can be one of the most effective answers to the environmental challenges of the 21st century.

Syntropic Agroforestry

Syntropic Agroforestry is one of the most advanced and innovative models within Agroforestry Systems, as it combines highly planned management with the principles of natural succession and plant stratification. This system was developed by Swiss researcher Ernst Götsch, who applied his ideas in Brazil, revolutionizing the way agriculture can become a tool for environmental regeneration and sustainable production.

In the United States and Europe, Syntropic Agroforestry has been adapted to restore degraded soils, improve water retention, and create productive and resilient agricultural systems. This model is increasingly being explored as an alternative to conventional monocultures, promoting food production in a regenerative way.

The Concept of Natural Succession and Plant Stratification

The foundation of Syntropic Agroforestry lies in observing nature. Over time, forests and natural ecosystems undergo an ecological succession process, where pioneer species prepare the soil for more demanding species, promoting a continuous cycle of regeneration. This principle is directly applied in Syntropic Agroforestry management.

Natural Succession in the Syntropic System

Pioneer Phase – Fast-growing species (such as grasses and legumes) prepare the soil, protecting it from erosion and adding organic matter.
Secondary Phase – Medium-sized trees and fruit-bearing shrubs begin to establish themselves, creating a more favorable microclimate.
Climax Phase – Perennial and large tree species take over, ensuring system stability.

By imitating this natural logic, Syntropic Agroforestry creates agricultural systems that become more fertile and productive over time, without the need for external inputs.

Vertical Stratification

Another essential principle of Syntropic Agroforestry is plant stratification, where different plants occupy distinct layers of the ecosystem:

Ground Layer – Short-cycle vegetables and leafy greens (such as lettuce, arugula, and carrots).
Shrub Layer – Medium-sized species, such as cassava and banana trees.
Intermediate Tree Layer – Fruit trees like apple and pear trees.
Emergent Layer – Large trees such as walnuts and oaks.

This organization maximizes sunlight utilization and soil nutrients, making production highly efficient and sustainable.

The Role of Intensive Management in Soil Regeneration

Syntropic Agroforestry is not a static system. Its success depends on active agroforestry management, which includes strategic pruning, ecological succession control, and planned crop rotation.

Regular Pruning to Stimulate the Soil – Pruning trees and shrubs is one of the main differentiating factors of Syntropic Agroforestry. The pruned material is left on the ground, promoting nutrient cycling and increasing organic matter, replacing chemical fertilizers and improving soil structure.
Planned Succession Control – Unlike other Agroforestry Systems, Syntropic Agroforestry requires detailed planning of succession. The farmer must decide which species will be planted in each phase, ensuring that the soil is never left bare and that transitions between stages occur naturally and productively.
Intercropped Cultivation to Increase Biodiversity – The presence of various agricultural and forest species within the same space reduces the incidence of pests and diseases, making the system more resilient. Additionally, it increases food availability throughout the year.
Water Capture and Retention – High plant diversity improves water infiltration into the soil, reducing the need for irrigation and making the system more drought-resistant.

These practices make Syntropic Agroforestry one of the most efficient methods for soil regeneration and sustainable agricultural production.

How to Implement a Syntropic Agroforestry System?

Syntropic Agroforestry requires detailed planning and active management. Some key guidelines include:

Mapping the ecological succession phases – Define which species will be planted at each stage of the process.
Selecting species adapted to the climate – Trees, fruit-bearing plants, and vegetables should be chosen according to the local biome.
Implementing regular pruning – Tree management should be continuous to maintain soil fertility and proper light distribution for each plant layer.
Monitoring system evolution – Ecological succession must be closely observed so that necessary adjustments can be made over time.

Syntropic Agroforestry as a Model for Regenerative Agriculture

Syntropic Agroforestry is one of the most effective strategies for producing food while restoring the environment. Its potential for soil regeneration, biodiversity enhancement, and sustainable food production is being recognized globally, especially in the United States and Europe.

With the growing demand for regenerative agriculture solutions, Syntropic Agroforestry could become a key model for transitioning toward a more sustainable and resilient agricultural future.

Final Considerations on Agroforestry Systems

Agroforestry Systems represent an innovative and essential approach for the future of sustainable agriculture. By integrating trees, agricultural crops, and, in some cases, livestock within the same productive space, these systems not only ensure more resilient production but also promote soil regeneration, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. Each type of agroforestry system has unique characteristics, allowing farmers from different regions and contexts to adopt the model best suited to their needs and production goals.

Beyond their ecological benefits, Agroforestry Systems offer significant economic advantages, making agricultural production more diversified and stable. Small and medium-scale farmers can secure a continuous income throughout the year by harvesting a variety of products, while large agricultural enterprises find in these systems a sustainable and viable alternative to increase productivity without degrading the environment. The adaptation of these models to different biomes and markets demonstrates that agroforestry is not only an ecological solution but also a smart strategy for sustainable rural development.

Given the global challenges of conventional agriculture, investing in Agroforestry Systems is a promising path to balance production and environmental preservation. The combination of traditional knowledge with scientific innovations has shown that it is possible to produce food regeneratively, restoring ecosystems and ensuring food security for future generations. With proper planning and management, Agroforestry Systems can transform landscapes, boost local economies, and establish a truly sustainable agricultural model for the future.

Now, if you want to learn more about Organic Farming and Regenerative Agriculture, check out the other articles on this Bountiful Earth Blog.

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